Loschmidt echoes evidence of the emergence of irreversibility for quantum many-body dynamics in the thermodynamic limit

Overview

The justification and appropriate description of irreversible macroscopic dynamics of fluids from time reversible mechanics was initiated by Boltzmann, Loschmidt, Einstein and Smoluchowski. However, in spite of the impressive experimental advances and clarification of the statistical assumptions, the possibility of an arrow of time has remained a polemic issue. Nowadays, the focus shifted towards the quantum realm, mainly because quantum information processing handles an increasing number of qubits/spins and AdS/CFT unification of gravitation with quantum mechanics requires quantum chaos in the vicinity of a black hole [0]. Indeed, Einstein observed that discrete quantum level is not compatible with the classical instabilities conceived by Boltzmann in his “stothaltzansatz”.

More than two decades ago we realised [1-3], at Córdoba, that Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance could serve to identify the quantum signatures in, otherwise “classical”, spin diffusion. Also, it could implement, for a macroscopic number (1023) of interacting spins, a time reversal procedure, just as suggested by Loschmidt to tease Boltzmann. With this purpose we developed a number of experimental strategies, the Loschmidt Echoes [4]. “Just” by changing the sign of the many-body Hamiltonian, one generalises the one-body time-reversal of the Hahn´s Spin Echo. This could allow us to observe decoherence, irreversibility and the emergence of hydrodynamic behaviour.

I will review our experimental and theoretical quest to improve many-body time reversal, whose unsurmountable limitations led us to propose a Central Hypothesis of Irreversibility [5]. According to this, much as zero temperature residual resistance of metals only depends on reversible collisions with impurities, quantum dynamics of many-body systems far from equilibrium becomes intrinsically decoherent, and hence irreversible, in a time-scale fixed by the reversible interactions. This requires the thermodynamic limit in which, the time scales of the interaction with the environment, TS, are much longer than the time scales of the reversed Hamiltonian, T2. Thus, our most recent experiments, [7,8] indicate that hydrodynamical behaviour and the arrow of time should result as an emergent property of reversible quantum dynamics.

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References

[0] - Will the Universe Remember Us after We´re Gone?, John Horgan, Scientific American (2021).

[1] - Quantum Dynamical Echoes in Spin Diffusion on Mesoscopic Systems. HM Pastawski, PR Levstein and G Usaj, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4310-4313 (1995).

[2] - Attenuation of polarization echoes in nuclear magnetic resonance: A study of the emergence of dynamical irreversibility in many-body quantum systems PR Levstein, G Usaj and HMPastawski, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 2718 (1998).

[3] - A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance answer to the Boltzmann-Loschmidt controversy? HM Pastawski , G Usaj , PR Levstein, J Raya and J Hirschinger, Physica A  283  166 (2000).

[4] - Loschmidt Echo, A Goussev, RA Jalabert, HM Pastawski  and DA Wisniacki. Scholarpedia, 7(8):11687 (2012).

[5] - Loschmidt echo in many-spin systems: a quest for intrinsic decoherence and emergent irreversibility. PR Zangara and HM Pastawski, Phys. Scr. 92 033001(2017).

[6] - Perturbation independent decay of the Loschmidt echo in a many-spin system studied through scaled dipolar dynamics CM Sánchez, AK Chattah, KX Wei, L Buljubasich, P Cappellaro, and HM Pastawski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 030601 (2020).

[7] - Emergent decoherence induced by quantum chaos in a many-body system: A Loschmidt echo observation through NMR, CM Sánchez, AK Chattah, and HM Pastawski. Phys.Rev.A, 105, 052232 (2022), J. Magn. Res. (submitted).