Dr Yashwanth Subbannayya

CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) are cytokine-producing adaptive immune cells that activate or regulate the responses of various immune cells. The activation and functional status of CD4+ T cells is important for adequate responses to pathogen infections but has also been associated with auto-immune disorders and survival in several cancers. In the current study, we carried out a label-free high-resolution FTMS-based proteomic profiling of resting and T cell receptor-activated (72 h) primary human CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors as well as SUP-T1 cells. We identified 5237 proteins, of which significant alterations in the levels of 1119 proteins were observed between resting and activated CD4+ T cells. In addition to identifying several known T-cell activation-related processes altered expression of several stimulatory/inhibitory immune checkpoint markers between resting and activated CD4+ T cells were observed. Network analysis further revealed several known and novel regulatory hubs of CD4+ T cell activation, including IFNG, IRF1, FOXP3, AURKA, and RIOK2. Comparison of primary CD4+ T cell proteomic profiles with human lymphoblastic cell lines revealed a substantial overlap, while comparison with mouse CD+ T cell data suggested interspecies proteomic differences. The current dataset will serve as a valuable resource to the scientific community to compare and analyze the CD4+ proteome.

Gastric adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. Blood based biomarkers of gastric cancer have the potential to improve diagnosis and monitoring of these tumors. Proteins that show altered levels in the circulation of gastric cancer patients could prove useful as putative biomarkers. We used an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic approach to identify proteins that show altered levels in the sera of patients with gastric cancer. Our study resulted in identification of 643 proteins, of which 48 proteins showed increased levels and 11 proteins showed decreased levels in serum from gastric cancer patients compared to age and sex matched healthy controls. Proteins that showed increased expression in gastric cancer included inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), Mannose-binding protein C (MBL2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), serum amyloid A protein (SAA1), Orosomucoid 1 (ORM1) and extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD3). We used multiple reaction monitoring assays and validated elevated levels of ITIH4 and SAA1 proteins in serum from gastric cancer patients. Biological significance Gastric cancer is a highly aggressive cancer associated with high mortality. Serum-based biomarkers are of considerable interest in diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases including cancers. Gastric cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages resulting in poor prognosis and high mortality. Pathological diagnosis using biopsy specimens remains the gold standard for diagnosis of gastric cancer. Serum-based biomarkers are of considerable importance as they are minimally invasive. In this study, we carried out quantitative proteomic profiling of serum from gastric cancer patients to identify proteins that show altered levels in gastric cancer patients. We identified more than 50 proteins that showed altered levels in gastric cancer patient sera. Validation in a large cohort of well classified patient samples would prove useful in identifying novel blood based biomarkers for gastric cancers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics in India. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The study of the human urinary proteome has the potential to offer significant insights into normal physiology as well as disease pathology. The information obtained from such studies could be applied to the diagnosis of various diseases. The high sensitivity, resolution, and mass accuracy of the latest generation of mass spectrometers provides an opportunity to accurately catalog the proteins present in human urine, including those present at low levels. To this end, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of human urinary proteome from healthy individuals using high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Importantly, we used the Orbitrap for detecting ions in both MS (resolution 60 000) and MS/MS (resolution 15 000) modes. To increase the depth of our analysis we characterized both unfractionated as well as lectin-enriched proteins in our experiments. In all, we identified 1823 proteins with less than 1% false discovery rate, of which 671 proteins have not previously been reported as constituents of human urine. This data set should serve as a comprehensive reference list for future studies aimed at identification and characterization of urinary biomarkers for various diseases.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco exposure (through smoking or chewing) is one of the predominant risk factors associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite the growing number of patients diagnosed with OSCC, there are few circulating biomarkers for identifying individuals at a higher risk of developing the disease. Successful identification of candidate molecular markers for risk assessment could aid in the early detection of oral lesions and potentially be used for community screening of high-risk populations. OBJECTIVE: Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the serum of oral cancer patients which can serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the onset of oral cancer among tobacco users. METHODS: We employed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics approach to study alterations in the serum proteomes of OSCC patients based on their tobacco exposure habits (chewing and smoking) compared to healthy individuals with no history of using any form of tobacco or any symptoms of the disease. RESULTS: Mass spectrometry-based analysis resulted in the identification of distinct signatures in the serum of OSCC patients who either chewed or smoked tobacco. Pathway analysis revealed opposing effects of dysregulated proteins enriched in the complement-coagulation signaling cascades with a high expression of the Serpin family of proteins observed in OSCC patients who chewed tobacco compared to healthy individuals whereas these proteins showed decreased levels in OSCC patients who smoked. ELISA-based validation further confirmed our findings revealing higher expression of SERPINA6 and SERPINF1 across serum of OSCC patients who chewed tobacco compared to healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study serves as a benchmark for the identification of serum-based protein markers that may aid in the identification of high-risk patients who either chew tobacco or smoke tobacco.

Muscular dystrophies (MDs) and inflammatory myopathies (IMs) are debilitating skeletal muscle disorders characterized by common pathological events including myodegeneration and inflammation. However, an experimental model representing both muscle pathologies and displaying most of the distinctive markers has not been characterized. We investigated the cardiotoxin (CTX)-mediated transient acute mouse model of muscle degeneration and compared the cardinal features with human MDs and IMs. The CTX model displayed degeneration, apoptosis, inflammation, loss of sarcolemmal complexes, sarcolemmal disruption, and ultrastructural changes characteristic of human MDs and IMs. Cell death caused by CTX involved calcium influx and mitochondrial damage both in murine C2C12 muscle cells and in mice. Mitochondrial proteomic analysis at the initial phase of degeneration in the model detected lowered expression of 80 mitochondrial proteins including subunits of respiratory complexes, ATP machinery, fatty acid metabolism, and Krebs cycle, which further decreased in expression during the peak degenerative phase. The mass spectrometry (MS) data were supported by enzyme assays, Western blot, and histochemistry. The CTX model also displayed markers of oxidative stress and a lowered glutathione reduced/oxidized ratio (GSH/GSSG) similar to MDs, human myopathies, and neurogenic atrophies. MS analysis identified 6 unique oxidized proteins from Duchenne muscular dystrophy samples (n = 6) (versus controls; n = 6), including two mitochondrial proteins. Interestingly, these mitochondrial proteins were down-regulated in the CTX model thereby linking oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that mitochondrial alterations and oxidative damage significantly contribute to CTX-mediated muscle pathology with implications for human muscle diseases. Human muscular dystrophies and inflammatory myopathies share common pathological events. The cardiotoxin (CTX) model displayed acute and transient muscle degeneration and all the cellular events usually implicated in human muscle pathology. Mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress significantly contribute to muscle pathogenesis. The CTX model is valuable in understanding the mechanistic and therapeutic paradigms of muscle pathology.

Despite the availability of vaccines and approved therapeutics, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rise owing to the emergence of newer variants. Several multi-omics studies have made available extensive evidence on host-pathogen interactions and potential therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, an increased understanding of host signaling networks regulated by post-translational modifications and their ensuing effect on the biochemical and cellular dynamics is critical to expanding the current knowledge on the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Here, employing unbiased global transcriptomics, proteomics, acetylomics, phosphoproteomics, and exometabolome analysis of a lung-derived human cell line, we show that SARS-CoV-2 Norway/Trondheim-S15 strain induces time-dependent alterations in the induction of type I IFN response, activation of DNA damage response, dysregulated Hippo signaling, among others. We provide evidence for the interplay of phosphorylation and acetylation dynamics on host proteins and its effect on the altered release of metabolites, especially organic acids and ketone bodies. Together, our findings serve as a resource of potential targets that can aid in designing novel host-directed therapeutic strategies. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) primarily occurs in older age group. However, in the recent years, incidence of oral cancer in young people has been on rise worldwide. Towards this end, we sought to analyze the clinical and histopathological characteristics of OSCC in patients less than 45 years of age. The clinical and histological features of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity at two hospitals in the coastal Karnataka region of South India between 1996-2012 were reviewed. The tabulation and descriptive statistics of the study were carried out. A total of 420 patients were treated for OSCC in the 17-year period (1996-2012), of which 86 (20.5 %) patients were under 45 years of age. The most common site of involvement among the young was tongue (29.07%) and buccal mucosa (27.9%) respectively. A total of 47 (54.65%) patients were either habitual chewers, smokers, or alcoholics. Pathological grading of cases classified tumors into well differentiated (34.88%), moderately differentiated (46.51%) and poorly differentiated (4.65%). The data from this study reveals that a significant proportion of the OSCC cases are observed in patients of 45 years or younger. Additionally, our study also indicated an increase in the usage of tobacco and pan chewing in young adults in comparison to older individuals in the two hospitals of South India. The data obtained from this analysis emphasizes the need for screening programs that are tailor-made for individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer and warrants tobacco awareness programs in the community.

The biological activities of a cell are determined by its response to external stimuli. The signals are transduced from either intracellular or extracellular milieu through networks of multi-protein complexes and post-translational modifications of proteins (PTMs). Most PTMs including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, among others, modulate activities of proteins and regulate biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, as well as host pathogen interaction. Conventionally, reverse genetics analysis and single molecule-based studies were employed to identify and characterize the function of PTMs and enzyme-substrate networks regulated by them. With the advent of high-throughput technologies, it is now possible to identify and quantify thousands of PTM sites in a single experiment. Here, we discuss recent advances in enrichment strategies of various PTMs. We also describe a method for the identification and relative quantitation of proteins using a tandem mass tag labeling approach combined with serial enrichment of phosphorylation, acetylation and succinylation using antibody enrichment strategy.

Kanchanara Guggulu (KG) is an important traditional medicine that is prescribed by the Ayurveda physicians for the treatment of swellings in various organs such as the thyroid, and lymph nodes. High-resolution mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics found metabolites in KG. LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics analysis of KG identified 2,579 compounds including quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. The molecular docking and dynamics analysis of quercetin pentaacetate with aldose reductase is documented for further consideration in drug discovery.

Purpose Gastric cancer is a commonly occurring cancer in Asia and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. However, there is no reliable blood-based screening test for this cancer. Identifying proteins secreted from tumor cells could lead to the discovery of clinically useful biomarkers for early detection of gastric cancer. Experimental design A SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach was employed to identify secreted proteins that were differentially expressed between neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelial cells. Proteins from the secretome were subjected to SDS-PAGE and SCX-based fractionation, followed by mass spectrometric analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. Immunohistochemical labeling was employed to validate a subset of candidates using tissue microarrays. Results We identified 2205 proteins in the gastric cancer secretome of which 263 proteins were overexpressed greater than fourfold in gastric cancer-derived cell lines as compared to non-neoplastic gastric epithelial cells. Three candidate proteins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), lectin mannose binding 2 (LMAN2), and PDGFA-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) were validated by immunohistochemical labeling. Conclusions and clinical relevance We report here the largest cancer secretome described to date. The novel biomarkers identified in the current study are excellent candidates for further testing as early detection biomarkers for gastric adenocarcinoma.

BackgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a clinical challenge due to its aggressive phenotype and limited treatment options for the patients. Many TNBC patients show an inherent defect in the DNA repair capacity primarily by acquiring germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes leading to Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD). Epigenetic modifications such as BRCA1 promoter methylation and miRNA expression targeting DNA repair pathway genes have contributed to the HRD phenotype in TNBC. Hence, we aimed to identify microRNAs that are associated with HRD status in the TCGA-BRCA project.Materials and methodsWe implemented a miRNA prediction strategy for identifying miRNAs targeting HR pathway genes using an in silico predicted and experimentally validated list from published literature for their association with genomic instability and factors affecting HRD. In silico analysis was performed to study miRNA expression patterns regulated by DNA methylation and TMB status in the TNBC patients from TCGA-BRCA project. Finally, we analysed selected miRNA expression with immune cell infiltration pattern in the TNBC patient cohort.ResultsOur study identified miRNAs associated with HRD, tumour mutation burden (TMB), and immune cell infiltration. Identified miRNA signatures were associated with the miR-17 similar to 92 cluster, miR-106b similar to 25 cluster, and miR-200b similar to 429 cluster. Pathway analysis of selected miRNAs suggested their association with altered immune cell infiltration in TNBC.ConclusionOur study identified 6 'HRD associated miRNAs' such as miR-106b, miR-93, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-200b, and miR-429 as novel miRNA-based signatures associated with HR deficiency in TNBC.

H37Ra is a virulence attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis widely employed as a model to investigate virulence mechanisms. Comparative high-throughput studies have earlier correlated its avirulence to the presence of specific mutations or absence of certain proteins. However, a recent sequencing study of H37Ra, has disproved several genomic differences earlier reported to be associated with virulence. This warrants further investigations on the H37Ra proteome as well. In this study, we carried out an integrated analysis of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome of H37Ra. In addition to confirming single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and insertion-deletions that were reported earlier, our study provides novel insights into the mutation spectrum in the promoter regions of 7 genes. We also provide transcriptional and proteomic evidence for 3,900 genes representing ~80% of the total predicted gene count including 408 proteins that have not been identified previously. We identified 9 genes whose coding potential was hitherto reported to be absent in H37Ra. These include 2 putative virulence factors belonging to ESAT-6 like family of proteins. Furthermore, proteogenomic analysis enabled us to identify 63 novel proteins coding genes and correct 25 existing gene models in H37Ra genome. A majority of these were found to be conserved in the virulent strain H37Rv as well as in other mycobacterial species suggesting that the differences in the virulent and avirulent strains of M. tuberculosis are not entirely dependent on the expression of certain proteins or their absence but may possibly be ascertained to functional changes.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common type of gynecological malignancy affecting females worldwide. Most CC cases are linked to infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV). There has been a significant decrease in the incidence and death rate of CC due to effective cervical Pap smear screening and administration of vaccines. However, this is not equally available throughout different societies. The prognosis of patients with advanced or recurrent CC is particularly poor, with a one-year relative survival rate of a maximum of 20%. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may play an important role in CC tumorigenesis, metastasis, relapse, and chemo/radio-resistance, thus representing potential targets for a better therapeutic outcome. CSCs are a small subpopulation of tumor cells with self-renewing ability, which can differentiate into heterogeneous tumor cell types, thus creating a progeny of cells constituting the bulk of tumors. Since cervical CSCs (CCSC) are difficult to identify, this has led to the search for different markers (e.g., ABCG2, ITGA6 (CD49f), PROM1 (CD133), KRT17 (CK17), MSI1, POU5F1 (OCT4), and SOX2). Promising therapeutic strategies targeting CSC-signaling pathways and the CSC niche are currently under development. Here, we provide an overview of CC and CCSCs, describing the phenotypes of CCSCs and the potential of targeting CCSCs in the management of CC.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly-conserved pattern recognition receptors that mediate innate immune responses to invading pathogens and endogenous danger signals released from damaged and dying cells. Activation of TLRs trigger downstream signaling cascades, that culminate in the activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which subsequently leads to type I interferon (IFN) response. In the current study, we sought to expand the scope of gene expression changes in THP1-derived macrophages upon TLR4 activation and to identify interferon-stimulated genes. RNA-seq analysis led to the identification of several known and novel differentially expressed genes, including CMPK2, particularly in association with type I IFN signaling. We performed an in-depth characterization of CMPK2 expression, a nucleoside monophosphate kinase that supplies intracellular UTP/CTP for nucleic acid synthesis in response to type I IFN signaling in macrophages. CMPK2 was significantly induced at both RNA and protein levels upon stimulation with TLR4 ligand-LPS and TLR3 ligand-Poly (I:C). Confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation indicated CMPK2 localization in both cytoplasm and mitochondria of THP-1 macrophages. Furthermore, neutralizing antibody-based inhibition of IFNAR receptor in THP-1 cells and BMDMs derived from IFNAR KO and IRF3 KO knockout mice further revealed that CMPK2 expression is dependent on LPS/Poly (I:C) mediated IRF3- type I interferon signaling. In summary, our findings suggest that CMPK2 is a potential interferon-stimulated gene in THP-1 macrophages and that CMPK2 may facilitate IRF3- type I IFN-dependent anti-bacterial and antiviral roles.

Silver is one of the heavy metals traditionally played major role in the human life. It is used in the form of ornaments or as containers to store or drink water and other consumable liquids. The study was designed to observe the effect of water storage in silver containers on enteric pathogens. Three sets of sterile silver, stainless steel and glass metal screw capped containers were filled with non-chlorinated sterilized well water. One each of the three sets was inoculated with enteric pathogens viz. Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Salmonella typhi cultures drawn from the laboratory stock and incubated at 37 degrees C for varying periods. Preliminary findings of this study indicated that silver is bactericidal within an hour to Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Salmonella typhi which cause life-threatening enteric human diseases. The quantity of silver needed to eliminate these bacteria was found to be less than 2.5 ug/dl at pH 6.5. This study reveals the potential for silver containers to be used to disinfect natural water in areas of poor hygiene and sanitation where groundwater is the main source of drinking water.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines and was initially described as an IFN-γ-inducing factor derived from anti-CD3-stimulated T-helper (Th)1 cells. IL-18 plays a significant role in the activation of hematopoietic cell types mediating both Th1 and Th2 responses and is the primary inducer of interferon-γ in these cells. The biological activity of IL-18 is mediated through its binding to the IL-18 receptor complex and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), culminating in the production and release of several cytokines, chemokines, and cellular adhesion molecules. In certain cell types, IL-18 also activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ AKT serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling modules leading to the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines. IL-18-mediated signaling acts as one of the vital components of the immunomodulatory cytokine networks involved in host defense, inflammation, and tissue regeneration. Albeit its biomedical importance, a comprehensive resource of IL-18 mediated signaling pathway is currently lacking. In this study, we report on the development of an integrated pathway map of IL-18/IL-18R signaling. The pathway map was developed through literature mining from published literature based on manual curation guidelines adapted from NetPath and includes information on 16 protein-protein interaction events, 38 enzyme-catalysis events, 12 protein translocation events, 26 activations/inhibition events, transcriptional regulators, 230 gene regulation events and 84 induced protein expression events. The IL-18 signaling pathway can be freely accessed through the WikiPathways database (https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP4754).

Neurodegeneration is one of the greatest threats to global public health. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease are among the major causes of chronic neurological conditions in the elderly populations. Hence, neuroprotection is at the epicenter of the current 21st-century research agenda in biomedicine. Yet, novel molecular targets are limited and solely needed for neuroprotection. Marked person-to-person variations in outcomes require a deeper understanding of drug targets in neurology and clinical neurosciences. In this context, traditional medicines offer untapped potentials for discovery and translation of novel molecular targets to human neurodegenerative disease research and clinical neurology. This expert review offers a synthesis of the prospects and challenges of harnessing new molecular targets from traditional medicines, with a view to applications for neuroprotection in human neurodegenerative diseases.

Success rates of corneal transplantation are particularly high owing to its unique, innate immune privilege derived from a phenomenon known as Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID). Of note, cornea is a transparent, avascular structure that acts as a barrier along with sclera to protect the eye and contributes to optical power. Molecular and systems biology mechanisms underlying ACAID and the immunologically unique and privileged status of cornea are not well known. We report here a global unbiased proteomic profiling of the human cornea and the identification of 4824 proteins, the largest catalog of human corneal proteins identified to date. Moreover, signaling pathway analysis revealed enrichment of spliceosome, phagosome, lysosome, and focal adhesion pathways, thereby demonstrating the protective functions of corneal proteins. We observed an enrichment of neutrophil-mediated immune response processes in the cornea as well as proteins belonging to the complement and ER-Phagosome pathways that are suggestive of active immune and inflammatory surveillance response. This study provides a key expression map of the corneal proteome repertoire that should enable future translational medicine studies on the pathological conditions of the cornea and the mechanisms by which cornea immunology are governed. Molecular mechanisms of corneal immune privilege have broad relevance to understand and anticipate graft rejection in the field of organ transplantation.

Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are resistant to most of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections. In this study, we characterized the lung proteome and phosphoproteome of ducks infected with the HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala) at 12 h, 48 h, and 5 days post-infection. A total of 2082 proteins were differentially expressed and 320 phosphorylation sites mapping to 199 phosphopeptides, corresponding to 129 proteins were identified. The functional annotation of the proteome data analysis revealed the activation of the RIG-I-like receptor and Jak-STAT signaling pathways, which led to the induction of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. The pathway analysis of the phosphoproteome datasets also confirmed the activation of RIG-I, Jak-STAT signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways in the lung tissues. The induction of ISG proteins (STAT1, STAT3, STAT5B, STAT6, IFIT5, and PKR) established a protective anti-viral immune response in duck lung tissue. Further, the protein–protein interaction network analysis identified proteins like AKT1, STAT3, JAK2, RAC1, STAT1, PTPN11, RPS27A, NFKB1, and MAPK1 as the main hub proteins that might play important roles in disease progression in ducks. Together, the functional annotation of the proteome and phosphoproteome datasets revealed the molecular basis of the disease progression and disease resistance mechanism in ducks infected with the HPAI H5N1 virus.

Eye disorders and resulting visual loss are major public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. In this context, the sclera is an opaque, thick outer coat covering more than 80% of the eye, and essential in maintaining the shape of the eye and protecting the intraocular contents against infection and the external environment. Despite efforts undertaken to decipher the scleral proteome, the functional and structural picture of the sclera still remain elusive. Recently, proteomics has arisen as a powerful tool that enables identification of proteins playing a critical role in health and disease. Therefore, we carried out an in-depth proteomic analysis of the human scleral tissue using a high-resolution Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. We identified 4493 proteins using SequestHT and Mascot as search algorithms in Proteome Discoverer 2.1. Importantly, the proteins, including radixin, synaptopodin, paladin, netrin 1, and kelch-like family member 41, were identified for the first time in human sclera. Gene ontology analysis unveiled that the majority of proteins were localized to the cytoplasm and involved in cell communication and metabolism. In sum, this study offers the largest catalog of proteins identified in sclera with the aim of facilitating their contribution to diagnostics and therapeutics innovation in visual health and autoimmune disorders. This study also provides a valuable baseline for future investigations so as to map the dynamic changes that occur in sclera in various pathological conditions.

Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), a serum-derived growth factor belonging to the plasminogen-related kringle domain family, is mainly produced by the liver and released into the blood. MSP is the only known ligand for RON ("Recepteur d'Origine Nantais", also known as MST1R), which is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. MSP is associated with many pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. Activation of the MSP/RON system regulates main downstream signaling pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ AKT serine/threonine kinase/ (PI3-K/AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) & Focal adhesion kinase (FAK). These pathways are mainly involved in cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis & chemoresistance. In this work, we created a pathway resource of signaling events mediated by MSP/RON considering its contribution to diseases. We provide an integrated pathway reaction map of MSP/RON that is composed of 113 proteins and 26 reactions based on the curation of data from the published literature. The consolidated pathway map of MSP/RON mediated signaling events contains seven molecular associations, 44 enzyme catalysis, 24 activation/inhibition, six translocation events, 38 gene regulation events, and forty-two protein expression events. The MSP/RON signaling pathway map can be freely accessible through the WikiPathways Database URL: https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5353 .

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common complex disease and a major public health burden in both developed and developing countries. Postgenomic technologies such as proteomics and intelligent mining of multi-omics Big Data offer new prospects for diagnostics and therapeutics innovation for AD. In this context, it is noteworthy that mass spectrometry (MS) data are often searched against proteomics databases to unravel the identity of protein biomarkers. In contrast, only a fraction of the MS data can be matched to known proteins, while a large portion of such raw data remains underutilized. Furthermore, the spectral data can be mined for multiple high-confidence post-translational modifications (PTMs) without a priori enrichment. Thus, AD research stands to gain by greater attention to the biological mechanisms regulated by PTMs. Protein modifications may serve as diagnostic biomarkers or as novel molecular targets for drug discovery. We report here novel PTMs discovered in relation to the AD from MS/MS-based proteomic datasets. Publicly available label-free proteomics data were searched for select PTMs using SEQUEST-HT. Only high-confidence PTMs were analyzed using bioinformatics analysis. We identified 4961 unique modified peptides corresponding to 1856 proteins from AD datasets. Of these, 52 proteins were known to be involved in Alzheimer's pathway. Importantly, 3164 PTMs reported in this study are novel in the context of AD. Furthermore, protein quantification revealed expression of 13 high-abundant secretary proteins across multiple studies, which can be potentially harnessed in the future to develop biomarkers. In summary, this study identifies novel PTMs which might help develop new insights on the molecular substrates of AD and thus inform future development of novel diagnostics and treatments for this highly prevalent disease.

Candida glabrata is a common opportunistic human pathogen leading to significant mortality in immuno-suppressed and immunodeficient individuals. We carried out proteomic analysis of C. glabrata using high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry with MS resolution of 60000 and MS/MS resolution of 7500. On the basis of 32453 unique peptides identified from 118815 peptide-spectrum matches, we validated 4421 of the 5283 predicted protein-coding genes (83%) in the C. glabrata genome. Further, searching the tandem mass spectra against a six frame translated genome database of C. glabrata resulted in identification of 11 novel protein coding genes and correction of gene boundaries for 14 predicted gene models. A subset of novel protein-coding genes and corrected gene models were validated at the transcript level by RT-PCR and sequencing. Our study illustrates how proteogenomic analysis enabled by high resolution mass spectrometry can enrich genome annotation and should be an integral part of ongoing genome sequencing and annotation efforts.

In the present study, a targeted multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) approach was developed to screen and identify protein biomarkers for brucellosis in humans and livestock. The selection of proteotypic peptides was carried out by generating in silico tryptic peptides of the Brucella proteome. Using bioinformatics analysis, 30 synthetic peptides corresponding to 10 immunodominant Brucella abortus proteins were generated. MRM-MS assays for the accurate detection of these peptides were optimized using 117 serum samples of human and livestock stratified as clinically confirmed (45), suspected (62), and control (10). Using high throughput MRM assays, transitions for four peptides were identified in several clinically confirmed and suspected human and livestock serum samples. Of these, peptide NAIYDVVTR corresponding to B. abortus proteins: BruAb2_0537 was consistently detected in the clinically confirmed serum samples of both humans and livestock with 100% specificity. To conclude, a high throughput MRM-MS-based protocol for detecting endogenous B. abortus peptides in serum samples of humans and livestock was developed. The developed protocol will help design sensitive assays to accurately diagnose brucellosis in humans and livestock. The data associated with this study are deposited in Panorama Public (https://panoramaweb.org/rNOZCy.url with ProteomeXchange ID: PXD034407).

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a novel member of the IL-1 family of cytokines that plays diverse roles in the regulation of immune responses. IL-33 exerts its effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex resulting in the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A detailed understanding of the signaling pathways activated by IL-33 is still unclear. To gain insights into the IL-33 mediated signaling mechanisms, we carried out a SILAC-based global quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis that resulted in the identification of 7,191 phosphorylation sites derived from 2,746 proteins. We observed alterations in the level of phosphorylation in 1,050 sites corresponding to 672 proteins upon IL-33 stimulation. We report, for the first time, phosphorylation of multiple protein kinases, including Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (Mapkapk2), Receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (Ripk1) and NAD kinase (Nadk) that are induced by IL-33. In addition, we observed IL-33-induced phosphorylation of several protein phosphatases including Protein tyrosine phosphatase, Non-receptor type 12 (Ptpn12) and Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D (Inpp5d), which have not been reported previously. Network analysis revealed an enrichment of actin binding and cytoskeleton reorganization that could be important in macrophage activation induced by IL-33. Our study is the first quantitative analysis of IL-33-regulated phosphoproteome. Our findings significantly expand the understanding of IL-33 mediated signaling events and have the potential to provide novel therapeutic targets pertaining to immune related diseases such as asthma where dysregulation of IL-33 is observed.

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors shows beneficial responses, but only in a proportion of patients. To improve immunotherapy in NSCLC, we need to map the immune checkpoints that contribute immunosuppression in NSCLC-associated immune cells and to identify novel pathways that regulate immunosuppression. Here, we investigated the gene expression profiles of intra-tumoral immune cells isolated from NSCLC patients and compared them to the expression profiles of their counterparts in adjacent healthy tissue. Transcriptome analysis was performed on macrophages, CD4 and CD8 T cells. The data was subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment and weighted correlation network analysis in order to identify mediators of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment in NSCLC. Immune cells from NSCLC revealed a consistent differential expression of genes involved in interactions between myeloid cells and lymphocytes. We further identified several immunosuppressive molecules and pathways that may be activated in tumor-associated macrophages in NSCLC. Importantly, we report novel data on immune cell expression of the newly described CD200/CD200R1 pathway, and the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs), which may represent novel innate immune checkpoints, dampening the anti-tumor T cell immune response in NSCLC. Our study substantiates the importance of tumor-associated macrophages as a mediator of immunosuppression and a promising target for immunotherapy.

The concept of proteogenomics has emerged rapidly as a valuable approach to integrate mass spectrometry-derived proteomic data with genomic and transcriptomic data. It is used to harness the full potential of the former dataset in the discovery of potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and novel proteins associated with various biological processes including diseases. Proteogenomic strategies have been successfully utilized to identify novel genes and redefine annotation of existing gene models in various genomes. In recent years, this approach has been extended to the field of cancer biology to unravel complexities in the tumor genomes and proteomes. Standard proteomics workflows employing translated cancer genomes and transcriptomes can potentially identify peptides from mutant proteins, splice variants and fusion proteins in the tumor proteome, which in addition to the currently available biomarker panels can serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, besides having therapeutic utility. This review focuses on the role of proteogenomics to understand cancer biology.

Plant omics is an emerging field of systems science and offers the prospects of evidence-based evaluation of traditional herbal medicines in human diseases. To this end, the powdered root of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), commonly known as liquorice, is frequently used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine with an eye to neuroprotection but its target proteins, mechanisms of action, and metabolites remain to be determined. Using a metabolomics and network pharmacology approach, we identified 98,097 spectra from positive and negative polarities that matched to similar to 1600 known metabolites. These metabolites belong to terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, including both novel and previously reported active metabolites such as glycyrrhizin, glabridin, liquiritin, and other terpenoid saponins. Novel metabolites were also identified such as quercetin glucosides, coumarin derivatives, beta-carotene, and asiatic acid, which were previously not reported in relation to liquorice. Metabolite-protein interaction-based network pharmacology analyses enriched 107 human proteins, which included dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine neurotransmitter receptors among other regulatory proteins. Pathway analysis highlighted the regulation of signaling kinases, growth factor receptors, cell cycle, and inflammatory pathways. In vitro validation confirmed the regulation of cell cycle, MAPK1/3, PI3K/AKT pathways by liquorice. The present data-driven, metabolomics and network pharmacology study paves the way for further translational clinical research on neuropharmacology of liquorice and other traditional medicines.

In the present study, a comprehensive proteomic analysis of Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) strain ATCC23457 was carried out to investigate proteome alterations in response to in vitro-induced nutrient stress. Our analysis resulted in the identification of 2440 proteins, including 365 hypothetical proteins and 850 potentially secretory proteins representing ~77.8% of the B. melitensis proteome. Utilizing a proteogenomics approach, we provide translational evidence for eight novel putative protein-coding genes and confirmed the coding potential of 31 putatively annotated pseudogenes, thus refining the existing genome annotation. Further, using a label-free quantitative proteomic approach, new insights into the cellular processes governed by nutrient stress, including enrichment of amino acid metabolism (E), transcription (K), energy production and conversion (C), and biogenesis (J) processes were obtained. Pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of survival and homeostasis maintenance pathways, including type IV secretion system, nitrogen metabolism, and urease pathways in response to nutrient limitation. To conclude, our analysis demonstrates the utility of in-depth proteomic analysis in enabling improved annotation of the B. melitensis genome. Further, our results indicate that B. melitensis undergoes metabolic adaptations during nutrient stress similar to other Brucella. sp, and adapts itself for long-term persistence and survival.

Loss of cell differentiation is a hallmark for the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues constitute a valuable resource for studying the differentiation of OSCC and can offer valuable insights into the process of tumor progression. In the current study, we performed LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics of FFPE specimens from pathologically-confirmed well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated, and poorly-differentiated OSCC cases. The data were analyzed in four technical replicates, resulting in the identification of 2376 proteins. Of these, 141 and 109 were differentially expressed in moderately-differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC cases, respectively, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. The data revealed significant metabolic reprogramming with respect to lipid metabolism and glycolysis with proteins belonging to both these processes downregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC when compared to well-differentiated OSCC. Signaling pathway analysis indicated the alteration of extracellular matrix organization, muscle contraction, and glucose metabolism pathways across tumor grades. The extracellular matrix organization pathway was upregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC and downregulated in poorly differentiated OSCC, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. PADI4, an epigenetic enzyme transcriptional regulator, and its transcriptional target HIST1H1B were both found to be upregulated in moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC, indicating epigenetic events underlying tumor differentiation. In conclusion, the findings support the advantage of using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based FFPE archival blocks for clinical and translational research. The candidate signaling pathways identified in the study could be used to develop potential therapeutic targets for OSCC.

Metabolomics is a leading frontier of systems science and biomedical innovation. However, metabolite identification in mass spectrometry (MS)-based global metabolomics investigations remains a formidable challenge. Moreover, lack of comprehensive spectral databases hinders accurate identification of compounds in global MS-based metabolomics. Creating experiment-derived metabolite spectral libraries tailored to each experiment is labor-intensive. Therefore, predicted spectral libraries could serve as a better alternative. User-friendly tools are much needed, as the currently available metabolomic analysis tools do not offer adequate provision for users to create or choose context-specific databases. Here, we introduce the MS2Compound, a metabolite identification tool, which can be used to generate a custom database of predicted spectra using the Competitive Fragmentation Modeling-ID (CFM-ID) algorithm, and identify metabolites or compounds from the generated database. The database generator can create databases of the model/context/species used in the metabolomics study. The MS2Compound is also powered with , a scoring function for matching raw fragment spectra to a predicted spectra database. We demonstrated that is robust in par with dot product and hypergeometric score in identifying metabolites using benchmarking datasets. We evaluated and highlight here the unique features of the MS2Compound by a re-analysis of a publicly available metabolomic dataset (MassIVE id: MSV000086784) for a complex traditional drug formulation called . In conclusion, we believe that the omics systems science and biomedical research and innovation community in the field of metabolomics will find the MS2Compound as a user-friendly analysis tool of choice to accelerate future metabolomic analyses.

Outer space is an extremely hostile environment for human life, with ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays and microgravity posing the most significant hazards to the health of astronauts. Spaceflight has also been shown to have an impact on established cancer hallmarks, possibly increasing carcinogenic risk. Terrestrially, women have a higher incidence of radiation-induced cancers, largely driven by lung, thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers, and therefore, historically, they have been permitted to spend significantly less time in space than men. In the present review, we focus on the effects of microgravity and radiation on the female reproductive system, particularly gynecological cancer. The aim is to provide a summary of the research that has been carried out related to the risk of gynecological cancer, highlighting what further studies are needed to pave the way for safer exploration class missions, as well as postflight screening and management of women astronauts following long-duration spaceflight.

Background: The vitreous humor is a transparent, gelatinous mass whose main constituent is water. It plays an important role in providing metabolic nutrient requirements of the lens, coordinating eye growth and providing support to the retina. It is in close proximity to the retina and reflects many of the changes occurring in this tissue. The biochemical changes occurring in the vitreous could provide a better understanding about the pathophysiological processes that occur in vitreoretinopathy. In this study, we investigated the proteome of normal human vitreous humor using high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Results: The vitreous humor was subjected to multiple fractionation techniques followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. We identified 1,205 proteins, 682 of which have not been described previously in the vitreous humor. Most proteins were localized to the extracellular space (24%), cytoplasm (20%) or plasma membrane (14%). Classification based on molecular function showed that 27% had catalytic activity, 10% structural activity, 10% binding activity, 4% cell and 4% transporter activity. Categorization for biological processes showed 28% participate in metabolism, 20% in cell communication and 13% in cell growth. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000957. Conclusion: This large catalog of vitreous proteins should facilitate biomedical research into pathological conditions of the eye including diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment and cataract.

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke markedly increases the risk for lung cancer. Regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by miRNAs influences a variety of cancer-related interactomes. Yet, relatively little is known on the effects of long-term cigarette smoke exposure on miRNA expression and gene regulation. NCI-H292 (H292) is a cell line sensitive to cigarette smoke with mucoepidermoid characteristics in culture. We report, in this study, original observations on long-term (12 months) cigarette smoke effects in the H292 cell line, using microarray-based miRNA expression profiling, and stable isotopic labeling with amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative proteomic analysis. We identified 112 upregulated and 147 downregulated miRNAs (by twofold) in cigarette smoke-treated H292 cells. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 3,959 proteins, of which, 303 proteins were overexpressed and 112 proteins downregulated (by twofold). We observed 39 miRNA target pairs (proven targets) that were differentially expressed in response to chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Gene ontology analysis of the target proteins revealed enrichment of proteins in biological processes driving metabolism, cell communication, and nucleic acid metabolism. Pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of phagosome maturation, antigen presentation pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated oxidative stress response, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways in cigarette smoke-exposed cells. In conclusion, this report makes an important contribution to knowledge on molecular changes in a lung cell line in response to long term cigarette smoke exposure. The findings might inform future strategies for drug target, biomarker and diagnostics innovation in lung cancer, and clinical oncology. These observations also call for further research on the extent to which continuing or stopping cigarette smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer translates into molecular and clinical outcomes.

Accurate annotation of protein-coding genes is one of the primary tasks upon the completion of whole genome sequencing of any organism. In this study, we used an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic strategy to validate and improve the existing zebrafish genome annotation. We undertook high-resolution mass-spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of 10 adult organs, whole adult fish body, and two developmental stages of zebrafish (SAT line), in addition to transcriptomic profiling of six organs. More than 7,000 proteins were identified from proteomic analyses, and approximate to 69,000 high-confidence transcripts were assembled from the RNA sequencing data. Approximately 15% of the transcripts mapped to intergenic regions, the majority of which are likely long non-coding RNAs. These high-quality transcriptomic and proteomic data were used to manually reannotate the zebrafish genome. We report the identification of 157 novel protein-coding genes. In addition, our data led to modification of existing gene structures including novel exons, changes in exon coordinates, changes in frame of translation, translation in annotated UTRs, and joining of genes. Finally, we discovered four instances of genome assembly errors that were supported by both proteomic and transcriptomic data. Our study shows how an integrative analysis of the transcriptome and the proteome can extend our understanding of even well-annotated genomes.

The availability of human genome sequence has transformed biomedical research over the past decade. However, an equivalent map for the human proteome with direct measurements of proteins and peptides does not exist yet. Here we present a draft map of the human proteome using high-resolution Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. In-depth proteomic profiling of 30 histologically normal human samples, including 17 adult tissues, 7 fetal tissues and 6 purified primary haematopoietic cells, resulted in identification of proteins encoded by 17,294 genes accounting for approximately 84% of the total annotated protein-coding genes in humans. A unique and comprehensive strategy for proteogenomic analysis enabled us to discover a number of novel protein-coding regions, which includes translated pseudogenes, non-coding RNAs and upstream open reading frames. This large human proteome catalogue ( available as an interactive web-based resource at http://www.humanproteomemap.org) will complement available human genome and transcriptome data to accelerate biomedical research in health and disease.

Introduction Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), a common malignancy of the head and neck region, is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages, necessitating the development of efficient diagnostic methods. Profiling autoantibodies generated against tumor-associated antigens have lately demonstrated a promising role in diagnosis, predicting disease course, and response to therapeutics and relapse. Methods In the current study, we, for the first time, aimed to identify and evaluate the diagnostic value of autoantibodies in serum samples of patients with OSCC using autoantibody profiling by an immunome protein array. The utility of anti-NUBP2 antibody and tissue positivity in OSCC was further evaluated. Results and discussion We identified a total of 53 autoantibodies with significant differential levels between OSCC and control groups, including 25 that were increased in OSCC and 28 that were decreased. These included autoantibodies against Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), nucleotide-binding protein 2 (NUBP2), and protein pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), among others. Immunohistochemical validation indicated positive staining of NUBP2 in a large majority of cases (72%). Further, analysis of OSCC data available in TCGA revealed higher NUBP2 expression correlated with better disease-free patient survival. In conclusion, the differential serum autoantibodies identified in the current study, including those for NUBP2, could be used as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis or as screening biomarkers for OSCC pending investigation in a larger cohort.

COVID-19 pandemic continues to remain a global health concern owing to the emergence of newer variants. Several multi-Omics studies have produced extensive evidence on host-pathogen interactions and potential therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, an increased understanding of host signaling networks regulated by post-translational modifications and their ensuing effect on the cellular dynamics is critical to expanding the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 infections. Through an unbiased transcriptomics, proteomics, acetylomics, phosphoproteomics, and exometabolome analysis of a lung-derived human cell line, we show that SARS-CoV-2 Norway/Trondheim-S15 strain induces time-dependent alterations in the induction of type I IFN response, activation of DNA damage response, dysregulated Hippo signaling, among others. We identified interplay of phosphorylation and acetylation dynamics on host proteins and its effect on the altered release of metabolites, especially organic acids and ketone bodies. Together, our findings serve as a resource of potential targets that can aid in designing novel host-directed therapeutic strategies. [Display omitted] •Performed a multi-OMICs analysis to expand the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 infections•Post-translational modifications regulate cell signaling during host antiviral response•SARS-CoV-2 causes activation of DNA damage response and dysregulation of Hippo signaling•Exometabolome analysis showed dysregulated cellular metabolism Virology; Proteomics; Metabolomics; Transcriptomics

This article describes the data obtained for global post-translational modifications (PTMs) profiled for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) from two distinct human brain regions and one cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample. The PTM profiling was performed to identify phosphorylation, O-GluNAcetylation, methylation, acetylation and citrullination using three publicly available LC-MS/MS raw data sets (PRIDE ID: PXD004010, PXD002516, PXD004863). A total of 1,857 PTM harbouring proteins with 4,961 unique post-translationally modified peptides were identified. Among the modified peptides, 75 corresponded uniquely to proteins identified from CSF samples. The data is related to the research article "Dissecting Alzheimer's disease molecular substrates by proteomics and discovery of novel post-translational modifications (PTMs)".

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines that play a central role in the regulation of immune responses. Its release from epithelial and endothelial cells is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell damage and by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activity of IL-33 is mediated by binding to the IL-33 receptor complex (IL-33R) and activation of NF-κB signaling via the classical MyD88/IRAK/TRAF6 module. IL-33 also induces the phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and PI3K/AKT signaling modules resulting in the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aberrant signaling by IL-33 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis among others. Considering the biomedical importance of IL-33, we developed a pathway resource of signaling events mediated by IL-33/IL-33R in this study. Using data mined from the published literature, we describe an integrated pathway reaction map of IL-33/IL-33R consisting of 681 proteins and 765 reactions. These include information pertaining to 19 physical interaction events, 740 enzyme catalysis events, 6 protein translocation events, 4 activation/inhibition events, 9 transcriptional regulators and 2492 gene regulation events. The pathway map is publicly available through NetPath ( http://www.netpath.org /), a resource of human signaling pathways developed previously by our group. This resource will provide a platform to the scientific community in facilitating identification of novel therapeutic targets for diseases associated with dysregulated IL-33 signaling. Database URL: http://www.netpath.org/pathways?path_id=NetPath_120 .

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, both in men and women. A genomewide gene expression analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues as compared to adjacent normal tissues. We used Agilent’s whole human genome oligonucleotide microarray platform representing ~41,000 genes to carry out gene expression analysis. Two-color microarray analysis was employed to directly compare the expression of genes between tumor and normal tissues. Through this approach, we identified several previously known candidate genes along with a number of novel candidate genes in gastric cancer. Testican-1 ( SPOCK1 ) was one of the novel molecules that was 10-fold upregulated in tumors. Using tissue microarrays, we validated the expression of testican-1 by immunohistochemical staining. It was overexpressed in 56% (160/282) of the cases tested. Pathway analysis led to the identification of several networks in which SPOCK1 was among the topmost networks of interacting genes. By gene enrichment analysis, we identified several genes involved in cell adhesion and cell proliferation to be significantly upregulated while those corresponding to metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study are candidate biomarkers for gastric adenoacarcinoma.

The F-Box and WD Repeat Domain Containing 7 (FBXW7) protein has been shown to regulate cellular growth and act as a tumor suppressor. This protein, also known as FBW7, hCDC4, SEL10 or hAGO, is encoded by the gene FBXW7. It is a crucial component of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex, which is a ubiquitin ligase. This complex aids in the degradation of many oncoproteins, such as cyclin E, c-JUN, c-MYC, NOTCH, and MCL1, via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The FBXW7 gene is commonly mutated or deleted in numerous types of cancer, including gynecologic cancers (GCs). Such FBXW7 mutations are linked to a poor prognosis due to increased treatment resistance. Hence, detection of the FBXW7 mutation may possibly be an appropriate diagnostic and prognostic biomarker that plays a central role in determining suitable individualized management. Recent studies also suggest that, under specific circumstances, FBXW7 may act as an oncogene. There is mounting evidence indicating that the aberrant expression of FBXW7 is involved in the development of GCs. The aim of this review is to give an update on the role of FBXW7 as a potential biomarker and also as a therapeutic target for novel treatments, particularly in the management of GCs. (This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment of Gynecologic Neoplasms)

UNC-5 Homolog B (UNC5B) is a member of the dependence receptor family. This family of receptors can induce two opposite intracellular signaling cascades depending on the presence or absence of the ligand and is thus capable of driving two opposing processes. UNC5B signaling has been implicated in several cancers, where it induces cell death in the absence of its ligand Netrin-1 and promotes cell survival in its presence. In addition, inhibition of Netrin-1 ligand has been reported to decrease invasiveness and angiogenesis in tumors. UNC5B signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in several processes such as neural development, developmental angiogenesis and inflammatory processes. However, literature pertaining to UNC5B signaling is scarce and scattered. Considering the importance of UNC5B signaling, we developed a resource of signaling events mediated by UNC5B. Using data mined from published literature, we compiled an integrated pathway map consisting of 88 UNC5B-mediated signaling events and 55 proteins. These signaling events include 27 protein-protein interaction events, 33 catalytic events involving various post-translational modifications, 9 events of UNC5B-mediated protein activation/inhibition, 27 gene regulation events and 2 events of translocation. This pathway resource has been made available to the research community through NetPath ( http://www.netpath.org /), a manually curated resource of signaling pathways (Database URL: http://www.netpath.org/pathways?path_id=NetPath_172 ). The current resource provides a foundation for the understanding of UNC5B-mediated cellular responses. The development of resource will serve researchers to explore the mechanisms of UNC-5B signaling in cancers.

Gynecological cancers (GCs) are currently among the major threats to female health. Moreover, there are different histologic subtypes of these cancers, which are defined as 'rare' due to an annual incidence of

Mapping the normal eye proteome in healthy persons is essential to unravel the molecular basis of diseases impacting visual health. The vitreous occupies a large portion of the human eye between the lens and the retina and plays a significant role in vitreoretinal diseases as well as maintaining clarity in the visual field, providing nutrition to the lens, and protecting the eye from mechanical shocks. It comprises four distinct anatomical regions, namely the vitreous core, vitreous cortex, vitreous base, and anterior hyaloid. Among these, the vitreous is attached to other substructures in the eye by the vitreous base, which is its strongest point of attachment. Alterations in vitreous substructures have been reported in several vitreoretinal disorders, including vitreomacular traction, vitreoretinopathies, and age-related macular degeneration. There has been limited knowledge on proteomics variations at a resolution of vitreous substructures, including the functionally and pathophysiologically significant vitreous base. We report here new findings on the proteome map of the vitreous base in normal healthy tissue. We employed a global, unbiased proteomic profiling approach resulting in the identification of 6511 proteins. Of these, 302 proteins were involved in metabolic processes essential for energy utilization. Moreover, we identified several structural and nutrient transport proteins. Notably, the identified proteome repertoire indicates that the vitreous base might possess additional physiological functions and may not be a passive structure. This study constitutes the most extensive catalog of vitreous base proteins to our knowledge and offers novel insights as a baseline for future studies on the pathobiology of various eye diseases. These data also invite us to consider a potentially more active functional role for the vitreous base in eye physiology and visual health.

The identification of secreted proteins that are differentially expressed between non-neoplastic and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells can provide potential biomarkers of ESCC. We used a SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach to compare the secretome of ESCC cells with that of non-neoplastic esophageal squamous epithelial cells. Proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) of in-gel trypsin-digested peptides was carried out on a high-accuracy qTOF mass spectrometer. In total, we identified 441 proteins in the combined secretomes, including 120 proteins with >= 2-fold upregulation in the ESCC secretome vs. that of non-neoplastic esophageal squamous epithelial cells. In this study, several potential protein biomarkers previously known to be increased in ESCC including matrix metalloproteinase 1, transferrin receptor and transforming growth factor beta-induced 68 kDa were identified as overexpressed in the ESCC-derived secretome. In addition, we identified several novel proteins that have not been previously reported to be associated with ESCC. Among the novel candidate proteins identified, protein disulfide isomerase family a member 3 (PDIA3), GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (GDI2) and lectin galactoside binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) were further validated by immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemical labeling using tissue microarrays. This tissue microarray analysis showed overexpression of protein disulfide isomerase family a member 3, GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 and lectin galactoside binding soluble 3 binding protein in 93%, 93% and 87% of 137 ESCC cases, respectively. Hence, we conclude that these potential biomarkers are excellent candidates for further evaluation to test their role and efficacy in the early detection of ESCC.

We have developed NetPath as a resource of curated human signaling pathways. As an initial step, NetPath provides detailed maps of a number of immune signaling pathways, which include approximately 1,600 reactions annotated from the literature and more than 2,800 instances of transcriptionally regulated genes - all linked to over 5,500 published articles. We anticipate NetPath to become a consolidated resource for human signaling pathways that should enable systems biology approaches.

Rare ovarian cancers are ovarian cancers with an annual incidence of less than 6 cases per 100,000 women. They generally have a poor prognosis due to being delayed diagnosis and treatment. Exploration of molecular mechanisms in these cancers has been challenging due to their rarity and research efforts being fragmented across the world. Omics approaches can provide detailed molecular snapshots of the underlying mechanisms of these cancers. Omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, can identify potential candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and screening of rare gynecological cancers and can aid in identifying therapeutic targets. The integration of multiple omics techniques using approaches such as proteogenomics can provide a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Further, omics approaches can provide clues towards developing immunotherapies, cancer recurrence, and drug resistance in tumors; and form a platform for personalized medicine. The current review focuses on the application of omics approaches and integrative biology to gain a better understanding of rare ovarian cancers.

Abstract CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) are cytokine-producing adaptive immune cells that activate or regulate the responses of various immune cells. The activation and functional status of CD4+ T cells is important for adequate responses to pathogen infections but has also been associated with auto-immune disorders and survival in several cancers. In the current study, we carried out a label-free high-resolution FTMS-based proteomic profiling of resting and T cell receptor-activated (72h) primary human CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors as well as SUP-T1 cells. We identified 5,237 proteins, of which significant alterations in the levels of 1,119 proteins were observed between resting and activated CD4+ T cells. We confirmed several known T-cell activation-related processes such as IL-2 response, metabolic and signaling changes, cell cycle induction, differentiation into effector cells among others. Several stimulatory/inhibitory immune checkpoint markers were altered considerably between resting and activated CD4+ T cells. Network analysis identified several known regulatory hubs of CD4+ T cell activation, including IFNG, IRF1, FOXP3, AURKA, and novel hubs such as RIOK2. Comparison of primary CD4+ T cell proteomic profiles with human lymphoblastic cell lines revealed a substantial overlap, while comparison with mouse CD+ T cell data suggested interspecies proteomic differences. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * Abbreviations AA Amino Acid FDR False Discovery Rate GO Gene Ontology KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes MACS Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell PSM Peptide Spectrum Match SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate TCR T cell receptor TEABC Triethyl ammonium bicarbonate Th cells T helper cells TPCK L-(tosylamido-2-phenyl) ethyl chloromethyl ketone

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a fatal form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the central nervous system (CNS). The similarities in the clinical and radiological findings in TBM cases with or without HIV make the diagnosis very challenging. Identification of genes, which are differentially expressed in brain tissues of HIV positive and HIV negative TBM patients, would enable better understanding of the molecular aspects of the infection and would also serve as an initial platform to evaluate potential biomarkers. Here, we report the identification of 796 differentially regulated genes in brain tissues of TBM patients co-infected with HIV using oligonucleotide DNA microarrays. We also performed immunohistochemical validation and confirmed the abundance of four gene products-glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ), serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A member 3 ( SERPINA3 ), thymidine phosphorylase ( TYMP/ECGF1 ) and heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 ( HSPA8 ). Our study paves the way for understanding the mechanism of TBM in HIV positive patients and for further validation of potential disease biomarkers.

We previously developed NetPath as a resource for comprehensive manually curated signal transduction pathways. The pathways in NetPath contain a large number of molecules and reactions which can sometimes be difficult to visualize or interpret given their complexity. To overcome this potential limitation, we have developed a set of more stringent curation and inclusion criteria for pathway reactions to generate high-confidence signaling maps. NetSlim is a new resource that contains this ‘core’ subset of reactions for each pathway for easy visualization and manipulation. The pathways in NetSlim are freely available at http://www.netpath.org/netslim . Database URL: www.netpath.org/netslim

Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 superfamily cytokines, is an endogenous danger signal and a nuclear-associated cytokine. It is one of the essential mediators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Aberrant IL-33 signaling has been demonstrated to play a defensive role against various infectious and inflammatory diseases. Although the signaling responses mediated by IL-33 have been previously reported, the temporal signaling dynamics are yet to be explored. To this end, we applied quantitative temporal phosphoproteomics analysis to elucidate pathways and proteins induced by IL-33 in THP-1 monocytes. Employing a TMT labeling-based quantitation and titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based phosphopeptide enrichment strategy followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we identified and quantified 9448 unique phosphopeptides corresponding to 3392 proteins that showed differential regulation. Of these, 171 protein kinases, 60 phosphatases and 178 transcription factors were regulated at different phases of IL-33 signaling. In addition to the confirmed activation of canonical signaling modules including MAPK, NF kappa B, PI3K/AKT modules, pathway analysis of the time-dependent phosphorylation dynamics revealed enrichment of several cellular processes, including leukocyte adhesion, response to reactive oxygen species, cell cycle checkpoints, DNA damage and repair pathways. The detailed quantitative phosphoproteomic map of IL-33 signaling will serve as a potentially useful resource to study its function in the context of inflammatory and pathological conditions.

Background: In recent years, high-throughput omics technologies have been widely used globally to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in various cancers. However, apart from large consortiums such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, limited attempts have been made to mine existing datasets pertaining to cancers. Methods and Results: In the current study, we used an omics data analysis approach wherein publicly available protein expression data were integrated to identify functionally important proteins that revealed consistent dysregulated expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Our analysis revealed members of the integrin family of proteins to be consistently altered in expression across disparate datasets. Additionally, through association evidence and network analysis, we also identified members of the laminin family to be significantly altered in head and neck cancers. Members of both integrin and laminin families are known to be involved in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and have been implicated in tumor metastatic processes in several cancers. To this end, we carried out immunohistochemical analyses to validate the findings in a cohort (n = 50) of oral cancer cases. Laminin-111 expression (composed of LAMA1, LAMB1, and LAMC1) was found to correlate with cell differentiation in oral cancer, showing a gradual decrease from well differentiated to poorly differentiated cases. Conclusion: This study serves as a proof-of-principle for the mining of multiple omics datasets coupled with selection of functionally important group of molecules to provide novel insights into tumorigenesis and cancer progression.

Ophthalmology and visual health are new frontiers for postgenomic research and technologies such as proteomics. In this context, the optic nerve and retina extend as the outgrowth of the brain, wherein the latter receives the optical input and the former relays the information for processing. While efforts to understand the optic nerve proteome have been made earlier, there exists a lacuna in its biochemical composition and molecular functions. We report, in this study, a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based approach using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer to elucidate the human optic nerve proteomic profile. Raw spectra were searched against NCBI Human RefSeq 75 database using SEQUEST HT and MASCOT algorithms. We identified nearly 35,000 peptides in human optic nerve samples, corresponding to 5682 proteins, of which 3222 proteins are being reported for the first time. Label-free quantification using spectral abundance pointed out to neuronal structural proteins such as myelin basic protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein 1 as the most abundant proteins. We also identified several neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic density synaptosomal scaffold proteins. Pathway analysis revealed that a majority of the proteins are structural proteins and have catalytic and binding activity. This study is one of the largest proteomic profiles of the human optic nerve and offers the research community an initial baseline optic nerve proteome for further studies. This will also help understand the protein dynamics of the human optic nerve under normal conditions.

Macrophages are sentinels of the innate immune system, and the human monocytic cell line THP-1 is one of the widely used in vitro models to study inflammatory processes and immune responses. Several monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation protocols exist, with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) being the most commonly used and accepted method. However, the concentrations and duration of PMA treatment vary widely in the published literature and could affect the probed phenotype, however their effect on protein expression is not fully deciphered. In this study, we employed a dimethyl labeling-based quantitative proteomics approach to determine the changes in the protein repertoire of macrophage-like cells differentiated from THP-1 monocytes by three commonly used PMA-based differentiation protocols. Employing an integrated network analysis, we show that variations in PMA concentration and duration of rest post-stimulation result in downstream differences in the protein expression and cellular signaling processes. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered inflammatory responses, including variation in the expression of cytokines upon stimulation with various Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Together, these findings provide a valuable resource that significantly expands the knowledge of protein expression dynamics with one of the most common in vitro models for macrophages, which in turn has a profound impact on the immune as well as inflammatory responses being studied.

Gastric cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies and is associated with poor prognosis. Exploring alterations in the proteomic landscape of gastric cancer is likely to provide potential biomarkers for early detection and molecules for targeted therapeutic intervention. Using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis, we identified 22 proteins that were overexpressed and 17 proteins that were downregulated in gastric tumor tissues as compared to the adjacent normal tissue. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) was found to be 7-fold overexpressed in gastric tumor tissues. Immunohistochemical labeling of tumor tissue microarrays for validation of CAMKK2 overexpression revealed that it was indeed overexpressed in 94% (92 of 98) of gastric cancer cases. Silencing of CAMKK2 using siRNA significantly reduced cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that CAMKK2 signals in gastric cancer through AMPK activation and suggest that CAMKK2 could be a novel therapeutic target in gastric cancer.

The aqueous humor is a colorless, transparent fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye. It plays an important role in maintaining the intraocular pressure and providing nourishment to the lens and cornea. The constitution of the aqueous humor is controlled by the blood-aqueous barrier. Though this ocular fluid has been extensively studied, its role in ocular physiology is still not completely understood. In this study, aqueous humor samples were collected from 250 patients undergoing cataract surgery, subjected to multiple fractionation strategies and analyzed on a Fourier transform LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. In all, we identified 763 proteins, of which 386 have been identified for the first time in this study. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD), filensin (BFSP1), and phakinin (BFSP2) are some of the proteins that have not been previously reported in the aqueous humor. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 35% of the identified proteins to be extracellular, with a majority of them involved in cell communication and signal transduction. This study comprehensively reports 386 novel proteins that have important potential as biomarker candidates for future research into personalized medicine and diagnostics aimed towards improving visual health.

Short open reading frames (sORFs) encoding functional peptides have emerged as important mediators of biological processes. Recent studies indicate that sORFs of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can encode functional micropeptides regulating immunity and inflammation. However, large-scale identification of potential micropeptide-encoding sequences is a significant challenge. We present a data analysis pipeline that uses immune cell-derived mass spectrometry-based proteomic data reanalyzed using a rigorous proteogenomics-based workflow. Our analysis resulted in the identification of 2815 putative lncRNA-encoded micropeptides across three human immune cell types. Stringent score cut-off and manual verification confidently identified 185 high-confidence putative micropeptide-coding events, of which a majority have not been reported previously. Functional validation revealed the expression and localization of lnc-MKKS in both nucleus and cytoplasmic compartments. Our pilot analysis serves as a resource for future studies focusing on the role of micropeptides in immune cell response.

The annual economic burden of visual disorders in the United States was estimated at $139 billion. Ophthalmology is therefore one of the salient application fields of postgenomics biotechnologies such as proteomics in the pursuit of global precision medicine. Interestingly, the protein composition of the human iris tissue still remains largely unexplored. In this context, the uveal tract constitutes the vascular middle coat of the eye and is formed by the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The iris forms the anterior most part of the uvea. It is a thin muscular diaphragm with a central perforation called pupil. Inflammation of the uvea is termed uveitis and causes reduced vision or blindness. However, the pathogenesis of the spectrum of diseases causing uveitis is still not very well understood. We investigated the proteome of the iris tissue harvested from healthy donor eyes that were enucleated within 6 h of death using high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. A total of 4959 nonredundant proteins were identified in the human iris, which included proteins involved in signaling, cell communication, metabolism, immune response, and transport. This study is the first attempt to comprehensively profile the global proteome of the human iris tissue and, thus, offers the potential to facilitate biomedical research into pathological diseases of the uvea such as Behcet's disease, Vogt Koyonagi Harada's disease, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, we make a call to the broader visual health and ophthalmology community that proteomics offers a veritable prospect to obtain a systems scale, functional, and dynamic picture of the eye tissue in health and disease. This knowledge is ultimately pertinent for precision medicine diagnostics and therapeutics innovation to address the pressing needs of the 21st century visual health.