Dr David Douwe Hendriks

We present detailed implementations of (a) binary stellar evolution (using binary_c) and (b) dust production and destruction into the cosmological semi-analytic galaxy evolution simulation, L-Galaxies. This new version of L-Galaxies is compared to a version assuming only single stars and to global and spatially-resolved observational data across a range of redshifts ($z$). We find that binaries have a negligible impact on the stellar masses, gas masses, and star formation rates of galaxies only if the total mass ejected by massive stars is unchanged. This is because massive stars determine the strength of supernova (SN) feedback, which in turn regulates galaxy growth. Binary effects, such as common envelope ejection and novae, affect carbon and nitrogen enrichment in galaxies, however heavier alpha elements are more affected by the choice of SN and wind yields. Unlike many other simulations, the new L-Galaxies reproduces observed dust-to-metal (DTM) and dust-to-gas (DTG) ratios at $z\sim{}0-4$. This is mainly due to shorter dust accretion timescales in dust-rich environments. However, dust masses are under-predicted at $z>4$, highlighting the need for enhanced dust production at early times in simulations, possibly accompanied by increased star formation. On sub-galactic scales, there is very good agreement between L-Galaxies and observed dust and metal radial profiles at $z=0$. A drop in DTM ratio is also found in diffuse, low-metallicity regions, contradicting the assumption of a universal value. We hope that this work serves as a useful template for binary stellar evolution implementations in other cosmological simulations in future.

Abstract Current observations of binary black-hole (BBH) merger events show support for a feature in the primary BH-mass distribution at ∼ 35 M⊙, previously interpreted as a signature of pulsational pair-instability (PPISN) supernovae. Such supernovae are expected to map a wide range of pre-supernova carbon-oxygen (CO) core masses to a narrow range of BH masses, producing a peak in the BH mass distribution. However, recent numerical simulations place the mass location of this peak above 50 M⊙. Motivated by uncertainties in the progenitor’s evolution and explosion mechanism, we explore how modifying the distribution of BH masses resulting from PPISN affects the populations of gravitational-wave (GW) and electromagnetic (EM) transients. To this end, we simulate populations of isolated BBH systems and combine them with cosmic star-formation rates. Our results are the first cosmological BBH-merger predictions made using the binary_c rapid population synthesis framework. We find that our fiducial model does not match the observed GW peak. We can only explain the 35 M⊙ peak with PPISNe by shifting the expected CO core-mass range for PPISN downwards by ∼15 M⊙. Apart from being in tension with state-of-the art stellar models, we also find that this is likely in tension with the observed rate of hydrogen-less super-luminous supernovae. Conversely, shifting the mass range upward, based on recent stellar models, leads to a predicted third peak in the BH mass function at ∼64 M⊙. Thus we conclude that the ∼35 M⊙ feature is unlikely to be related to PPISN.

Mass-transfer interactions in binary stars can lead to accretion disk formation, mass loss from the system and spin-up of the accretor. To determine the trajectory of the mass-transfer stream, and whether it directly impacts the accretor, or forms an accretion disk, requires numerical simulations. The mass-transfer stream is approximately ballistic, and analytic approximations based on such trajectories are used in many binary population synthesis codes as well as in detailed stellar evolution codes. We use binary population synthesis to explore the conditions under which mass transfer takes place. We then solve the reduced three-body equations to compute the trajectory of a particle in the stream for systems with varying system mass ratio, donor synchronicity and initial stream velocity. Our results show that on average both more mass and more time is spent during mass transfer from a sub-synchronous donor than from a synchronous donor. Moreover, we find that at low initial stream velocity the asynchronous rotation of the donor leads to self-accretion over a large range of mass ratios, especially for super-synchronous donors. The stream (self-)intersects in a narrow region of parameter space where it transitions between accreting onto the donor or the accretor. Increasing the initial stream velocity leads to larger areas of the parameter space where the stream accretes onto the accretor, but also more (self-)intersection. The radii of closest approach generally increase, but the range of specific angular momenta that these trajectories carry at the radius of closest approach gets broader. Our results are made publicly available.

Binary stars evolve into chemically peculiar objects and are a major driver of the galactic enrichment of heavy elements. During their evolution they undergo interactions, including tides, that circularize orbits and synchronize stellar spins, impacting both individual systems and stellar populations. Using Zahn's tidal theory and mesa main-sequence model grids, we derive the governing parameters & lambda;(lm) and E-2, and implement them in the new mint library of the stellar population code binary_c. Our mint equilibrium tides are two to five times more efficient than the ubiquitous bse prescriptions, while the radiative-tide efficiency drops sharply with increasing age. We also implement precise initial distributions based on bias-corrected observations. We assess the impact of tides and initial orbital-parameter distributions on circularization and synchronization in eight open clusters, comparing synthetic populations and observations through a bootstrapping method. We find that changing the tidal prescription yields no statistically significant improvement as both calculations typically lie within 0.5 & sigma;. The initial distribution, especially the primordial concentration of systems at log(10)(P/d) & AP; 0.8, e & AP; 0.05 dominates the statistics even when artificially increasing tidal strength. This confirms the inefficiency of tides on the main sequence and shows that constraining tidal-efficiency parameters using the e - log(10)(P/d) distribution alone is difficult or impossible. Orbital synchronization carries a more striking age-dependent signature of tidal interactions. In M35 we find twice as many synchronized rotators in our mint calculation as with bse. This measure of tidal efficiency is verifiable with combined measurements of orbital parameters and stellar spins.

Abstract We present detailed implementations of (a) binary stellar evolution (using binary_c) and (b) dust production and destruction into the cosmological semi-analytic galaxy evolution simulation, L-Galaxies. This new version of L-Galaxies is compared to a version assuming only single stars and to global and spatially-resolved observational data across a range of redshifts (z). We find that binaries have a negligible impact on the stellar masses, gas masses, and star formation rates of galaxies if the total mass ejected by massive stars is unchanged. This is because massive stars determine the strength of supernova (SN) feedback, which in turn regulates galaxy growth. Binary effects, such as common envelope ejection and novae, affect carbon and nitrogen enrichment in galaxies, however heavier alpha elements are more affected by the choice of SN and wind yields. Unlike many other simulations, the new L-Galaxies reproduces observed dust-to-metal (DTM) and dust-to-gas (DTG) ratios at z ∼ 0 − 4. This is mainly due to shorter dust accretion timescales in dust-rich environments. However, dust masses are under-predicted at z ≳ 4, highlighting the need for enhanced dust production at early times in simulations, possibly accompanied by increased star formation. On sub-galactic scales, there is very good agreement between L-Galaxies and observed dust and metal radial profiles at z = 0. A drop in DTM ratio is also found in diffuse, low-metallicity regions, contradicting the assumption of a universal value. We hope that this work serves as a useful template for binary stellar evolution implementations in other cosmological simulations in future.

We present the software package binary_c-python which provides a convenient and easy-to-use interface to the binary_c framework, allowing the user to rapidly evolve individual systems and populations of stars. binary_c-python is available on Pip and on GitLab. binary_c-python contains many useful features to control and process the output of binary_c, like by providing binary_c-python with logging statements that are dynamically compiled and loaded into binary_c. Moreover, we have recently added standardised output of events like Roche-lobe overflow or double compact-object formation to binary_c, and automatic parsing and managing of that output in binary_c-python. binary_c-python uses multiprocessing to utilise all the cores on a particular machine, and can run populations with HPC cluster workload managers like HTCondor and Slurm, allowing the user to run simulations on large computing clusters. We provide documentation that is automatically generated based on docstrings and a suite of Jupyter notebooks. These notebooks consist of technical tutorials on how to use binary_c-python and use-case scenarios aimed at doing science. Much of binary_c-python is covered by unit tests to ensure reliability and correctness, and the test coverage is continually increased as the package is improved.

Mass-transfer interactions in binary stars can lead to accretion disk formation, mass loss from the system and spin-up of the accretor. To determine the trajectory of the mass-transfer stream, and whether it directly impacts the accretor, or forms an accretion disk, requires numerical simulations. The mass-transfer stream is approximately ballistic, and analytic approximations based on such trajectories are used in many binary population synthesis codes as well as in detailed stellar evolution codes. We use binary population synthesis to explore the conditions under which mass transfer takes place. We then solve the reduced three-body equations to compute the trajectory of a particle in the stream for systems with varying system mass ratio, donor synchronicity and initial stream velocity. Our results show that on average both more mass and more time is spent during mass transfer from a sub-synchronous donor than from a synchronous donor. Moreover, we find that at low initial stream velocity the asynchronous rotation of the donor leads to self-accretion over a large range of mass ratios, especially for super-synchronous donors. The stream (self-)intersects in a narrow region of parameter space where it transitions between accreting onto the donor or the accretor. Increasing the initial stream velocity leads to larger areas of the parameter space where the stream accretes onto the accretor, but also more (self-)intersection. The radii of closest approach generally increase, but the range of specific angular momenta that these trajectories carry at the radius of closest approach gets broader. Our results are made publicly available.

A common requirement in science is to store and share large sets of simulation data in an efficient, nested, flexible and human-readable way. Such datasets contain number counts and distributions, i.e. histograms and maps, of arbitrary dimension and variable type, e.g. floating-point number, integer or character string. Modern high-level programming languages like Perl and Python have associated arrays, knowns as dictionaries or hashes, respectively, to fulfil this storage need. Low-level languages used more commonly for fast computational simulations, such as C and Fortran, lack this functionality. We present a libcdict, a C dictionary library, to solve this problem. Libcdict provides C and Fortran application programming interfaces (APIs) to native dictionaries, called cdicts, and functions for cdict to load and save these as JSON and hence for easy interpretation in other software and languages like Perl, Python and R.